1 \chapter{Overview of Theory}
3 I will use this section to introduce general concepts of solid state physics. The Experimental Methods section will concentrate on the theory of each method, and how this relates to the overall theory.
6 \item {\bf What a nanostructured film is, how it differs from the bulk material}
8 \item The surface of a solid is the interface for physical/chemical interactions with it's surrounding environment
9 \item The physical and chemical properties of a material are largely determined by the electron spectra at the surface
11 \item Electron spectra is determined by the lattice potential
12 \item Characterised by
14 \item Band structure of energy states - due to periodic lattice potential
15 \item Density of States
17 \item Surface differs from bulk due to
19 \item Termination of periodic lattice
20 \item Adsorbed particles on surface (thin films)
21 \item Relocation of lattice sites near the surface
23 \item Band structure for Metal's vs Semi-conductors
32 \item {\bf Surface Plasmons}
34 \item A collective oscillation of the electron gas in a metal
35 \item Surface plasmons are confined to the surface region; 2 dimensional, differs from bulk plasmons
37 \item In nanostructured materials, plasmons can be localised
39 \item Bohms and Ritchie
40 \item Past studies at CAMSP and UWA
41 \item May be caused due to excitations from
43 \item Electrons - refer to next section
46 \item Only light polarised in the plane of the surface can excite plasmons
47 \item Need to provide an extra wavevector to ``match'' the momenta of the photon and plasmon
48 \item Possibility for rough structure of metallic films to provide this wavevector
50 \item Refer to papers on ``artificially'' blackened films
51 \item Similar topic to Nikita's thesis; look at some of his references
56 \item {\bf Interactions between Electrons and Metallic Thin Films}
58 \item Electron-Surface Interaction
60 \item How an incoming electron interacts with the surface as a whole
61 \item Elastic reflection from potential barrier
62 \item Phonon vibrations of lattice (quasi-elastic - low energy losses)
64 \item Electron-Electron Interaction
66 \item Inelastic scattering processes determined by interaction of primary electron with the electron gas
67 \item Low energy interactions (focus of low energy TCS)
69 \item Outer electron transitions between valence and conduction band (result of interaction between primary electron and an individual bound electron)
70 \item Plasmon excitation (result of interaction between incoming electron and the electron gas as a whole)
72 \item Higher energy interactions (focus of other forms of 2nd Electron Spectroscopy)
74 \item Auger processes due to excitation of inner band electrons
75 \item ``True'' secondary electrons; bound electrons given sufficient energy to leave the surface
78 \item General structure of secondary electron energy distribution (not investigated by TCS)
79 \item Mention that secondary electrons have an angular distribution (not investigated by TCS)