\section{Overview of Theory}
Summarise the literature, refer to past research etc
-\subsection{Electron structure of surface}
+\subsection{Electron Spectra of a Surface}
\begin{itemize}
- \item Overview of electron spectrum properties
+ \item Description of the near surface region
\begin{itemize}
- \item Density of states $n(E)$
- \item Energy band structure $E(\vect{k})$
+ \item All real solids occupy finite volumes in space.
+ \item The surface of a solid is important because interactions between the solid and its surroundings occur in the near surface region.
+ \item Characterised physically by:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Termination of periodic crystal lattice
+ \item Violation of geometric order
+ \item Distortion of interatomic distances and hence interaction forces
+ \item There is a transition ``near surface'' region between bulk and surface properties, roughly 5 atomic distances.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Potential seen by an electron at a surface can differ greatly from the bulk
+ \item $\implies$ the electron spectra of the near surface region differs from the bulk spectra
+ \item Simplest case: Step potential at surface
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Metal & Semiconductor
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item In reality,
+
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ \item The Electron Spectra
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Electron Spectra describes the energy eigenstates for an electron in a Bulk or Surface potential
+ \item Characterised by
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item Energy dispersion $E(\vect{k})$
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Dependence of Energy on electron wave vector
+ \item Obtained theoretically by solving Scrhrodinger's Equation
+ \item For a free electron gas, $E = \frac{\hbar^2 k^2}{2m}
+ \item Periodic potential in bulk solid leads to band gap structure of $E(\vect{k})$
+ \item Periodic potential $\implies$ E is periodic. Only needs to be defined in first Brillouin zone.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Density of States $N(E)$
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item $N(E) = \frac{\Delta N}{\Delta E} = \frac{1}{4\pi^3}\int_S\left(\der{E}{k}\right)^{-1} dS$
+ \item Integral is in momentum space over the isoenergetic surface of energy $E$
+ \item For a free electron gas, $N(E) = $
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
+
+ \item Surface states
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item Tamm States: Periodic potential in solid, free space outside, jump at surface
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Energy eigenvalues lie in the forbidden band of the bulk spectra
+ \item Attenuation of eigenvalues from surface to vacuum, oscillation of state within surface
+ \item Max electron density occurs on the crystal surface
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Shockley states: Potential of surface and bulk cells equal
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Corresond to free valences (dangling bonds) at the surface
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \item Tamm and Shockley states arise from two extreme models (large change and small change respectively between bulk and surface). In reality, a combination of Tamm and Shockley states appear.
+ \end{itemize}
+
+
\item Properties of surface region
\begin{itemize}
\item Difference between potential of surface and bulk
\subsection{Total Current Spectroscopy}
\begin{itemize}
\item Overview of technique
+
+ Total Current Spectroscopy (TCS)
+
\begin{itemize}
\item Low energy beam of electrons incident on sample
\item Measure slope of resulting I-V curve