Add some references related to FPUs (hardware)

 - Most talk about VHDL which in theory I am supposed to know
 - Not summarised in great detail; adopting a bit of a shotgun approach at the moment

diff --git a/LiteratureNotes.pdf b/LiteratureNotes.pdf
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diff --git a/LiteratureNotes.tex b/LiteratureNotes.tex
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--- a/LiteratureNotes.tex
+++ b/LiteratureNotes.tex
@@ -379,6 +379,8 @@ Performance was much improved over the software rasterization and over XRender a
 on all except nVidia hardware. However, nVidia's XRender implementation did slow down significantly when
 some transformations were applied.
 
+%% Sam again
+
 \section{Boost Multiprecision Library\cite{boost_multiprecision}}
 
 \begin{itemize}
@@ -387,6 +389,72 @@ some transformations were applied.
        \item Precision is fixed... {\bf possible approach to project:} Use \verb/boost::mpf_float<N>/ and increase \verb/N/ as more precision is required?
 \end{itemize}
 
+
+% Some hardware related sounding stuff...
+
+\section{A CMOS Floating Point Unit\cite{kelley1997acmos}}
+
+The paper describes the implentation of a FPU for PowerPC using a particular Hewlett Packard process (HP14B 0.5$\mu$m, 3M, 3.3V).
+It implements a ``subset of the most commonly used double precision floating point instructions''. The unimplemented operations are compiled for the CPU.
+
+The paper gives a description of the architecture and design methods.
+This appears to be an entry to a student design competition.
+
+Standard is IEEE 754, but the multiplier tree is a 64-bit tree instead of a 54 bit tree.
+`` The primary reason for implementing a larger tree is for future additions of SIMD [Single Instruction Multiple Data (?)] instructions similar to Intel's MMX and Sun's VIS instructions''.
+
+HSPICE simulations used to determine transistor sizing.
+
+Paper has a block diagram that sort of vaguely makes sense to me.
+The rest requires more background knowledge.
+
+\section{Simply FPU\cite{filiatreault2003simply}}
+
+This is a webpage at one degree of seperation from wikipedia.
+
+It talks about FPU internals, but mostly focuses on the instruction sets.
+It includes FPU assembly code examples (!)
+
+It is probably not that useful, I don't think we'll end up writing FPU assembly?
+
+FPU's typically have 80 bit registers so they can support REAL4, REAL8 and REAL10 (single, double, extended precision).
+
+
+\section{Floating Point Package User's Guide\cite{bishop2008floating}}
+
+This is a technical report describing floating point VHDL packages \url{http://www.vhdl.org/fphdl/vhdl.html}
+
+In theory I know VHDL (cough) so I am interested in looking at this further to see how FPU hardware works.
+It might be getting a bit sidetracked from the ``document formats'' scope though.
+
+The report does talk briefly about the IEEE standard and normalised / denormalised numbers as well.
+
+See also: Java Optimized Processor\cite{jop} (it has a VHDL implementation of a FPU).
+
+\section{Low-Cost Microarchitectural Support for Improved Floating-Point Accuracy\cite{dieter2007lowcost}}
+
+Mentions how GPUs offer very good floating point performance but only for single precision floats.
+
+Has a diagram of a Floating Point adder.
+
+Talks about some magical technique called "Native-pair Arithmetic" that somehow makes 32-bit floating point accuracy ``competitive'' with 64-bit floating point numbers.
+
+\section{Accurate Floating Point Arithmetic through Hardware Error-Free Transformations\cite{kadric2013accurate}}
+
+From the abstract: ``This paper presents a hardware approach to performing ac-
+curate floating point addition and multiplication using the idea of error-
+free transformations. Specialized iterative algorithms are implemented
+for computing arbitrarily accurate sums and dot products.''
+
+The references for this look useful.
+
+It also mentions VHDL.
+
+So whenever hardware papers come up, VHDL gets involved...
+I guess it's time to try and work out how to use the Opensource VHDL implementations.
+
+
+
 \pagebreak
 \bibliographystyle{unsrt}
 \bibliography{papers}

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diff --git a/ProjectProposalSam.pdf b/ProjectProposalSam.pdf
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diff --git a/papers.bib b/papers.bib
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--- a/papers.bib
+++ b/papers.bib
@@ -424,4 +424,61 @@ doi={10.1109/ARITH.1991.145549},}
        howpublished = {\url{http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_53_0/libs/multiprecision/doc/html/boost_multiprecision/}}
 }
 
+% A CMOS Floating Point Unit
+@MISC{kelley1997acmos,
+    author = {Michael J. Kelley and Matthew A. Postiff and Advisor Richard and B. Brown},
+    title = {A CMOS Floating Point Unit},
+    year = {1997}
+}
+
+@misc{filiatreault2003simply,
+       author = {Raymond Filiatreault},
+       title = "Simply FPU",
+       year = 2003,
+       howpublished = {\url{http://www.website.masmforum.com/tutorials/fptute/index.html}}
+}
+
+@article{bishop2008floating,
+       author = {David Bishop},
+       year = 2008,
+       howpublished = {\url{http://www.vhdl.org/fphdl/Float_ug.pdf}},
+       title = {Floating Point Package User's Guide},
+       note = {Technical Report},
+       journal = {EDA Industry Working Groups}
+}
+
+@article{dieter2007lowcost,
+ author = {Dieter, William R. and Kaveti, Akil and Dietz, Henry G.},
+ title = {Low-Cost Microarchitectural Support for Improved Floating-Point Accuracy},
+ journal = {IEEE Comput. Archit. Lett.},
+ issue_date = {January 2007},
+ volume = {6},
+ number = {1},
+ month = jan,
+ year = {2007},
+ issn = {1556-6056},
+ pages = {13--16},
+ numpages = {4},
+ url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/L-CA.2007.1},
+ doi = {10.1109/L-CA.2007.1},
+ acmid = {1271937},
+ publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+ address = {Washington, DC, USA},
+ keywords = {B Hardware, B.2 Arithmetic and Logic Structures, B.2.4 High-Speed Arithmetic, B.2.4.b Cost/performance, C Computer Systems Organization, C.0 General, C.0.b Hardware/software interfaces, C.1 Processor Architectures, C.1.5 Micro-architecture implementation considerations, G Mathematics of Computing, G.1 Numerical Analysis, G.1.0 General, G.1.0.e Multiple precision arithmetic, I Computing Methodologies, I.3 Computer Graphics, I.3.1 Hardware Architecture, I.3.1.a Graphics processors},
+} 
+
+@misc{jop,
+       author = "jop-devel",
+       title = "Java Optimized Processor",
+       howpublished = "\url{https://github.com/jop-devel/jop}"
+}
+       
+@inproceedings{kadric2013accurate,
+  title={Accurate Parallel Floating-Point Accumulation},
+  author={Kadric, Edin and Gurniak, Paul and DeHon, Andr{\'e}},
+  booktitle={Computer Arithmetic (ARITH), 2013 21st IEEE Symposium on},
+  pages={153--162},
+  year={2013},
+  organization={IEEE}
+}
 

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